Newcomers to TDD ask some interesting questions, here’s one I was asked recently: testing private methods is bad, but why?
How did we get here?
If you’re trying to test private methods, you’re doing something wrong. You can’t get to TDD nirvana from here, you’re gonna have to go back.
It all started with an innocuous little class with an innocuous little method. It did one little job, had a nice little unit test to verify it did its thing correctly. All was right with the world. Then, I had to add an extra little piece of logic. I wrote a test for it, changed the class until the test passed. Happy place. Then I started refactoring. I realised my little method, with its handful of test cases was getting quite complicated, so I used the extract method refactoring and boom! I have a private method.
While simple when I extracted it, another couple of corner cases and this private method evolves into quite a complicated piece of code – which now I’m testing one level removed: I’m testing the overall functionality of my outer method, which indirectly tests the behaviour of the private method. At some point I’m going to hit a corner case that’s quite awkward to test from the outside, it’d be so much easier if I could just test the private method directly.
What not to do
Don’t use a test framework that let’s you test private methods. Good God, no. For the love of all that is right with the world step away from the keyboard.
What to do instead
This is a prime example of your tests speaking to you. They’re basically shouting at you. But what are they saying?
Your design stinks!
If you need to test a private method – what you’re doing wrong is design. Almost certainly, what you’ve identified in your private method is a whole new responsibility. If you think about it carefully, it probably isn’t anything to do with what your original class is. Although your original class might need renaming to make that obvious. That’s ok, too. That’s incremental design at work.
An example would help about now
Say I started off with a Portfolio class – it has a bunch of Assets in it, each of which has a Value. So I can implement a Portfolio.GetValue() to tell me how much it’s all worth. But then I start dealing with weird corner cases like opening or closing prices. And what do I mean by value, what I could sell it for, right now? Or perhaps there’s some foreign currency conversion to do, or penalty clauses for early exit, how does all that get factored in?
Before too long, GetValue() has a fairly large piece of logic, which I extract into GetSpotSalePrice(Asset). This method is then hairy enough to need testing, so it’s pretty clear that my design stinks. The deafening din of my tests, finally persuades me to extract GetSpotSalePrice(Asset) into another class, but here’s the million dollar question: which?
What not to do – part 2
For the love of SOLID, don’t put it in a AssetSalePriceCalculator, or a SalePriceManager. This is the number one easy mistake to make – you can follow TDD and ignore decent OO design and still end up with a steaming turd pile of horribleness.
A NounVerber class is always a design smell. Just stop doing it. Now. I mean it. I’m watching you. I will hunt you down and feed you to the ogre of AbstractSingletonProxyFactoryBean.
What should I do then?
The answer might seem obvious, but to too many people starting out doing TDD and half-decent design – it isn’t at all obvious. The method needs to move to a class where that responsibility makes sense. In our example, it’s crushingly obvious this is really a method on Asset – it even passes one in. If your method has one class parameter and uses a bunch of data from that class, you can bet your bottom dollar you’re suffering feature envy. Sort your life out, apply the method move refactoring. Go live happily ever after.
Summary
Why shouldn’t you test private methods? Because the fact you’re asking the question means the method shouldn’t be private – it’s a piece of independent behaviour that warrants testing. The hard choice, the design decision, is where you stick it.
You say not to test private methods, that fine. But java (and most OOP) suggest to use one class per specialization (do only one thing, but do it good), and don’t expose unnecessary methods to outside, so you should have as less public methods as possible (in best way it’s one, right). And your methods should be not complicated, so you need to divide this one huge public method to many private methods, so you can read easily and evey method should also do just one think. And tests should help you find errors.. but if you are testing just… Read more »